Various metal compounds have been used to catalyze the process. This type of CTL technology is called direct coal liquefaction (DCL). DCL technology involves making a partially refined synthetic crude oil directly from coal, which is then further refined into synthetic gasoline and diesel as well as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
A mechanistic numerical model for coal liquefaction involving hydrogenolysis of strong bonds. Rationalization of interactive effects of solvent aromaticity and hydrogen pressure ... Hydrogen Transfer in the Formation and Destruction of Retrograde Products in Coal Conversion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2006, 110 (21) ... (DCL) processes ...
Pyrolysis is one of the prospective processes that can be utilized to obtain high value chemicals and energy from coal and biomass. Coalbiomass copyrolysis presents a green, lowrisk, cheap ...
Headwaters direct coal liquefaction process. Source: Headwaters. Click to enlarge. Headwaters Inc and Axens are forming a strategic alliance to provide a singlesource solution for producing synthetic fuels by direct coal liquefaction (DCL) alone or in combination with refinery residues or biomass. The two companies will combine their technologies and...
For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57% wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].In slurry hydrogenation processes, catalyst lifetime is ...
In the DCL technology, coal is converted to liquid by adding hydrogen at high pressure and temperature. Various DCL technologies have been developed in last hundred years such as Solvent Refined Coal (SRC)I and SRCII, Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS), HCoal and catalytic twostage liquefaction (CTSL) [7], [8], [9], [10].
The results showed the price of coal had a more dominant effect on RSP than that of biomass. Different mix ratios and conversion rates led to RSP ranging from /bbl. LCA results indicated that GHG emissions ranged from kg CO2 eq to kg CO 2 eq/1000 MJ of liquid fuel at various biomass to coal mix ratios and ...
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a suitable way of producing synthetic fuels from lowrank coals, especially when the wastederived materials are coprocessed during the process.
catalyst in the DCL of Shenhua coal at 400 °C. and MPa H. 2. resulted in a coal conversion and (gas + oil) yield, up to % and %, respectively, much higher than those obtained with FeS ...
Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) commonly refers to catalytic hydrogenation of coal in a recycled oil solvent at high pressures with a catalyst. While a range of process configurations have been proposed, the most common version involves at least two high pressure slurry reactors in a series using a dispersed ironbased catalyst and hydrogen ...
The term ''coaltoliquids'' (CTL) refers to conversion of solid coal into liquid fuels and chemicals through either of two principle,11 Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) involves ...
Coal liquefaction conversion to tetralinsoluble products was determined by changes in ash content in the partially reacted coal relative to that of the unreacted coal. ... A Novel Process of Biomass Gasification for HydrogenRich Gas with Solid Heat Carrier: Preliminary Experimental Results. ... (DCL) processes and technology for coal and ...
There are many liquefaction processes related to DCLS [26], [29], [31], [108], [109]. Several typical or highly referential liquefaction processes that have been reported are selected in this paper for introduction. As an illustration, a flow diagram of coal liquefaction process using syngas was proposed by Fu et al. [29], as shown in Fig. 14.
Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and...
The main objective of this paper is to carry out a techno‐economic evaluation for the direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process based on the two primary conversion options under consideration: (a) catalytic coal liquefaction (CCL) the use of non‐donor solvents with added hydrogen pressure and (b) thermal coal liquefaction (TCL) the use of solvents with some H‐donor properties ...
The separate characterization of biomass, coal, and their respective chars aimed at identifying the effect of sodium during different stages of combustion. ... Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a main pathway for converting lowrank coals into energy via thermochemical transformation [713], and DCL technology refers to conversion of solid ...
CoaltoLiquids (CTL) is a technology based on the liquefaction of coal using three basic approaches; pyrolysis, direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) [6] . Historical overview. CTL is an old technique, developed at the beginning of the 20 th century and has recently attracted attention once more.
The conversion of coal to products soluble in tetrahydrofuran correlated strongly with the initial rate of gas uptake. The cyclohexane conversion of coal was also catalyzed. ... (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion. 2011, 105154. ... A new process for catalytic liquefaction of coal using dispersed MoS2 catalyst ...
This article is cited by 42 publications. Tengfei Yang, Congcong Liu, Wenan Deng, Chuan Li, Liyong Gan, Qingshan Niu. Influence of the Iron Proportion on the Efficiency of an OilSoluble NiFe Catalyst Applied in the Coliquefaction of Lignite and Heavy Residue.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated, increasing the hydrogentocarbon ratio and preventing retrogressive reactions. Solvents solubilize smaller molecular weight components and promote hydrogenation; catalyst improves hydrogenation ...
There remains an important need for economical coal and biomass to liquids conversion processes with reduced carbon dioxide emissions and efficient use of carbon resources. ... 1—CO 2 carbon capture and conversion to a biological material such as algae; 2—direct coal liquefaction (DCL); 3—indirect conversion of biomass and/or coal to ...
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